Verbs - Connective

Connective Form [하고]

This lesson is about the connective form which is primarily used in two ways:

    1. To list verbs.  
    2. To link one sentence to the next.

We'll have a look at these functions of the connective form in detail below.


Table of Common Verbs and Their Connective Forms

Written Form Plain Connective
Do
하다
하고
Go
가다
가고
Come
오다
오고
Eat
먹다
먹고
Drink
마시다
마시고
Walk
걷다
걷고
Run
달리다
달리고
Stand
서다
서고
Sit
앉다
앉고
Get up
일어나다
일어나고
Sleep
자다
자고
Buy
사다
사고
Sell
팔다
팔고
Grow
자라다
자라고
Throw
던지다
던지고
Borrow
빌리다
빌리고
Lend
빌려주다
빌려주고
Play
놀다
놀고
Write
쓰다
쓰고
Read
읽다
읽고
Listen
듣다
듣고
Live
살다
살고
Die
죽다
죽고



Conjugation rule

Take 다 off the plain form of verbs, and then attach 고 to them.
  • 하다 → 하고
  • 가다 → 가고

The connective form of verbs is used:
    1. To list verbs. 
    2. To link one sentence to the next.

1. To list verbs.

For example, if I wanted to say "I get up, eat and go.", the verb stems are changed to their connective forms except the last verb which determines the tense of a sentence.

  • 일어나다 → 일어나고
  • 먹다 → 먹고
  • 걷다 → 걷고
  • 일어나고 먹고 가다 = get up, eat and go
  • 일어나고 먹고 갔다 = got up, ate and went
  • 일어나고 먹고 갈 거다 = will get up, eat and go

    In each instance, the last verb determines the tense of a sentence.


    2. To link one sentence to the next.

    The example below shows how three sentences can be linked together using the connective form of verbs.

    • 유리는 학교에 가요. (Yuri goes to school)
    • 진수는 밖에서 놀아요. (Jinsu plays outside)
    • 미나는 책 읽어요. (Mina reads a book)

      유리는 학교에 가고, 진수는 밖에서 놀고, 미나는 책 읽어요. 
      = Yuri goes to school, Jinsu plays outside and Mina reads.

      However, the verbs in each sentence can be conjugated into different tenses.

      • 유리는 학교에 갔어요. = Yuri went to school
      • 진수는 밖에서 놀거에요. = Jinsu will play outside
      • 미나는 책 읽어요. = Mina reads (or Mina is reading)

      유리는 학교에 갔고, 진수는 밖에서 놀거고, 미나는 책 읽어요.
      = Yuri went to school, Jinsu will play outside and Mina is reading.


      Example sentences

      E.g.
      • I heard and spoke = 듣고 말했다
      • I studied, revised and taught = 공부하고, 복습하고, 가르쳤다.
      • I washed and ate dinner. = 나는 씻고 저녁을 먹었다.

      • 이 상점에서는 과일과 채소를 사고 팔아요. = This shop sells and buys fruit and vegetables.
      • 친구를 만나고, 같이 놀고, 점심을 먹었어요. = I met my friend, had fun and ate lunch together.

      • 비가 오고 눈이 오고 바람이 불고 번개가 쳐요 = It's raining and snowing, the wind is blowing and the lightning strikes.
      • 다니엘은 TV를 보고, 수잔은 아침을 만들고 있고, 삼손은 아직 자고 있어요. = Daniel is watching TV, Suzanne is making breakfast and Samson is still in bed.


      10 comments:

      1. THANK YOU SO MUCH, IT HELPED ME ALOT

        ReplyDelete
      2. Hey Luke, it's me.. again.
        First of all, thank you very much for your last answer, it really helped!
        In this part you say that 하고 is the connective version of "do".
        However in my Rosetta Stone lesson they give you the following sentence:
        남자하고 여자가 밥을 먹어요
        for me this would mean: the man and woman are eating rice, there's no "do" in this sentence, or another example:
        이건 녹색하고 파란색이에요: it's green and blue (still no "do").
        Also when looking at your section Conjunctions-And, the RS-version still doesn't seem to be correct.

        Sorry to be such a bother and thank you again for all your fabulous work!

        ReplyDelete
      3. Hi Pippi,

        You're right.

        하고 is just another way of saying "and" for connecting nouns.

        남자하고 여자가 밥을 먹어요.
        남자와 여자가 밥을 먹어요.
        남자랑 여자가 밥을 먹어요.

        = A man and woman are having a meal.

        All of the sentences above have the same meaning.

        하고/와(과)/랑(이랑)
        = "and"

        The words in brackets are used for nouns with final consonants. For example:

        연필하고 책
        연필과 책
        연필이랑 책
        = A pencil and a book

        However, 하고 and 랑(이랑) are more commonly used in spoken Korean, and 와(과) is usually used in written Korean.

        ReplyDelete
      4. hi Luke,
        thanx so much. these benefit me so much.
        i would to ask about this sentence

        다니엘은 TV를 보고, 수잔은 아침을 만들고 있고, 삼손은 아직 자고 있어요

        for 수잔은 아침을 만들고 있고
        why we need to add 있고 at the back instead of writing 수잔은 아침을 만들고 ?

        tq >.<

        ReplyDelete
      5. Hi Tim,

        You can omit 있고 off the sentence.

        So it would be,
        다니엘은 TV를 보고, 수잔은 아침을 만들고, 삼손은 아직 자고 있어요.

        Or you can have a sentence with 있고, and it would be like the following:

        다니엘은 TV를 보고 있고, 수잔은 아침을 만들고 있고, 삼손은 아직 자고 있어요.

        So it depends whether you wanna say 있고 or not. You can either say it or not say it, or you can just say 있고 for the second clause like I did above.

        Hope this explained your question.

        :-)

        ReplyDelete
      6. hi.. thank you very much for your blog but i have a question..
        i can see some sentences have 고 ending.. i really don't know what it means

        ReplyDelete
        Replies
        1. Hi Anonymous,

          You need to give me examples of sentences that end in 고 for me to explain to you.

          Well, I suspect that if you found 고 ending in songs, it's likely that it's been used as one way of ending a sentence. 고 would be like "..."

          e.g.
          가곤 하고 = I sometimes go... (there)
          잠을 자고 = Fall asleep...
          아침에 일어나고 = Get up in the morning...


          But you could answer a question with 고 ending as well. 고 would mean "After (you've done something.)"

          e.g.
          언제 갈꺼야? = When are you going?
          이것만 마치고 = After I've finished just this.

          언제 와? = When are you coming?
          일 끝나고 = After finishing work.

          Delete
      7. 안녕하세요, 루케-씨!

        Thank you for creating this blog and helping me so much with my Korean! I've learnt so much things here and I can tell you that my Korean would not be the same if I had never bumped into this amazing site.

        Anyway, I have a question about it. Is this following sentence correct:

        "민수는 비빔밥을 먹을거고 우유를 마실 거예요"?

        Thank you in advance.

        ReplyDelete
        Replies
        1. Hi Astroria,

          Sorry for the late reply!
          Yes! The Korean sentence above is correct!

          Delete

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